In the 1990s, researchers began to look at the biological mechanisms of intergenerational trauma via epigenetics. Others attributed intergenerational trauma to children becoming “containers” for their parents’ unwanted pain. Some experts in the medical community attributed intergenerational trauma to the stress of living with a traumatized person who may still be reliving horrific events. The conversation of exactly how trauma is transmitted was contested for decades following Rakoff’s paper. The late psychiatrist Vivian Rakoff, PhD first introduced the concept of intergenerational trauma in his 1966 paper on children of Holocaust survivors. Trauma can be transmitted in many ways - from our genetics to conversations at the dinner table. When it’s not coped with, it gets passed again,” said Merissa Nathan Gerson, author of “ Forget Prayers, Bring Cake,” a visiting assistant professor of communications at Tulane University, and inherited trauma consultant for Amazon’s “Transparent” series. How intergenerational trauma is passed on those belonging to North and South American Indigenous tribes, especially descendants of the Indian Reservation Schools in Canada and the United States.those of Vietnamese and Cambodian descent.Japanese Americans with ties to Japanese internment during World War II.But this type of intergenerational trauma also affects many other groups of marginalized communities, including: Historical trauma was first discussed in relation to survivors of the Holocaust and their descendants. Historical trauma and marginalized groups Those who are descendants of people who have experienced violence from living in war zones and other hardships - such as World War II, effects of the Cold War, the Vietnam War, or conflicts in the Middle East - may also be more likely to experience intergenerational trauma. However, people from marginalized groups - such as People of Color and those in lower socioeconomic classes for generations - may have more pronounced experiences with intergenerational trauma. It is further argued that the shared collective experiences of trauma experienced by First Nations peoples, coupled with related collective memories, and persistent sociocultural disadvantages, have acted to increase vulnerability to the transmission and expression of intergenerational trauma effects.Who does intergenerational trauma affect?Īnyone can experience intergenerational trauma, and some may argue that everyone experiences this phenomenon to some degree. Moreover, we suggest that trauma may dispose individuals to further stressors, and increase the response to these stressors. In the present review we outline some of the behavioural disturbances associated with stressful/traumatic experiences (e.g., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance abuse disorder), and describe the influence of several variables (age, sex, early life or other experiences, appraisals, coping strategies, as well as stressor chronicity, controllability, predictability and ambiguity) on vulnerability to pathology. Given the lengthy and traumatic history of stressors experienced by Aboriginal peoples, it might be expected that such intergenerational effects may be particularly notable. In addition, through these and similar processes, traumatic experiences may have adverse intergenerational consequences. Stressful events may have immediate effects on well-being, and by influencing appraisal processes, coping methods, life styles, parental behaviours, as well as behavioural and neuronal reactivity, may also have long lasting repercussions on physical and psychological health.
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